Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

BACKGROUND: Accurate assessments of current and future fertility-including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions-are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios. METHODS: To estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10-54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression-Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values-a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy-by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007-21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline. FINDINGS: During the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63-5·06) to 2·23 (2·09-2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137-147), declining to 129 million (121-138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1-canonically considered replacement-level fertility-in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7-29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59-2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25-1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6-43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1-59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions-decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7-25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3-19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4-10·1) in 2100-but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40-1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35-1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction. INTERPRETATION: Fertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Undocumented Older Latino Immigrants in the United States: Population Projections and Share of Older Undocumented Latinos by Health Insurance Coverage and Chronic Health Conditions, 2018-2038.

OBJECTIVES: This article focuses on the older Latino undocumented population and anticipates how their current demographic characteristics and health insurance coverage might affect future population size and health insurance trends. METHODS: We use the 2013-2018 American Community Survey as a baseline to project growth in the Latino 55 and older undocumented population over the next 20 years. We use the cohort component method to estimate population size across different migration scenarios and distinguish between aging in place and new immigration. We also examine contemporary health insurance coverage and chronic health conditions among 55 and older undocumented Latinos from the 2003-2014 California Health Interview Survey. We then project health insurance rates in 2038 among Latino immigrants under different migration and policy scenarios. RESULTS: If current mortality, migration, and policy trends continue, projections estimate that 40% of undocumented Latino immigrants will be 55 years or older by 2038-nearly all of whom will have aged in place. Currently, 40% of older Latino undocumented immigrants do not have insurance. Without policies that increase access to insurance, projections estimate that the share who are uninsured among all older Latinos immigrants will rise from 15% to 21%, and the share who is both uninsured and living with a chronic health condition will rise from 5% to 9%. DISCUSSION: Without access to health care, older undocumented immigrants may experience delayed care and more severe morbidity. Our projections highlight the need to develop and enact policies that can address impending health access concerns for an increasingly older undocumented Latino population.

The Challenges and Opportunities in Fostering a Long-Term Care System in the Americas

In the Region of the Americas, the number of people requiring care from others will continue to grow rapidly. The issue of long-term care call for a long-term solution that will address the demographic and epidemiological shift facing the Region. This policy brief outlines the current situation and presents the challenges in terms of human resources, financing, and monitoring and evaluation. It encourages countries to take the opportunity to develop a strategic solution for long-term care by, among others, prioritizing the issue, investing in appropriate systems, ensuring proper funding, developing evidence, and measuring progress. It is targeted at those involved in policymaking on long-term care at country and regional level.

Cerebral palsy in Canada, 2011-2031: results of a microsimulation modelling study of epidemiological and cost impacts. / La paralysie cérébrale au Canada, 2011-2031 : résultats d'une étude de modélisation par microsimulation des répercussions épidémiologiques et économiques.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of our study was to present model-based estimates and projections on current and future health and economic impacts of cerebral palsy in Canada over a 20-year time horizon (2011-2031). METHODS: We used Statistics Canada's Population Health Model (POHEM)-Neurological to simulate individuals' disease states, risk factors and health determinants and to describe and project health outcomes, including disease incidence, prevalence, life expectancy, health-adjusted life expectancy, health-related quality of life and health care costs over the life cycle of Canadians. Cerebral palsy cases were identified from British Columbia's health administrative data sources. A population-based cohort was then used to generate the incidence and mortality rates, enabling the projection of future incidence and mortality rates. A utility-based measure (Health Utilities Index Mark 3) was also included in the model to reflect various states of functional health to allow projections of health-related quality of life. Finally, we estimated caregiving parameters and health care costs from Canadian national surveys and health administrative data and included them as model parameters to assess the health and economic impact of cerebral palsy. RESULTS: Although the overall crude incidence rate of cerebral palsy is projected to remain stable, newly diagnosed cases of cerebral palsy will rise from approximately 1800 in 2011 to nearly 2200 in 2031. In addition, the number of people with the condition is expected to increase from more than 75 000 in 2011 to more than 94 000 in 2031. Direct health care costs in constant 2010 Canadian dollars were about $11 700 for children with cerebral palsy aged 1-4 years versus about $600 for those without the condition. In addition, people with cerebral palsy tend to have longer periods in poorer health-related quality of life. CONCLUSION: Individuals with cerebral palsy will continue to face challenges related to an ongoing need for specialized medical care and a rising need for supportive services. Our study offers important insights into future costs and impacts associated with cerebral palsy and provides valuable information that could be used to develop targeted health programs and strategies for Canadians living with this condition.

Trends in the utilisation rates and acute hospital capacity needs for total hip replacements: results of an analysis of administrative data.

Total hip replacement surgery is the mainstay of treatment for end-stage hip arthritis. In 2014, there were 28227 procedures (incidence rate 252/100000 population). Using administrative data, we projected the future volume of total hip replacement procedures and incidence rates using two models. The constant rate model fixes utilisation rates at 2014 levels and adjusts for demographic changes. Projections indicate 32248 admissions by 2025 or an annual growth of 1.22% (incidence rate 273). The time trend model additionally projects the evolution in age-specific utilisation rates. 34895 admissions are projected by 2025 or an annual growth of 1.95% (incidence rate 296). The projections show a shift in performing procedures at younger age. Forecasts of length of stay indicate a substantial shortening. By 2025, the required number of hospital beds will be halved. Despite more procedures, capacity can be reduced, leading to organisational change (e.g. elective orthopaedic clinics) and more labour intensive stays.

Mortalidad por enfermedad isquémica cardiaca según variables sociodemográficas en Bogotá, Colombia / Ischemic heart disease mortality according socio-demographic variables in Bogotá Colombia / Mortalidade por cardiopatia isquêmica de acordo com variáveis sociodemográficas em Bogotá, Colômbia

Introducción. Según el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, las enfer-medades del sistema circulatorio fueron la primera causa de mortalidad en Colombia entre 2005 y 2014, dentro de las cuales la enfermedad isquémica cardiaca (EIC) representó el 49,30 % de los casos. Respecto a esta última, el Instituto Nacional de Salud indicó que ocupó el primer lugar en 2010 entre las causas de muertes en el país.Objetivo. Caracterizar la mortalidad por EIC en Bogotá, Colombia, en el periodo 2008-2015 bajo la perspectiva de las principales variables sociodemográficas.Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo basado en fuentes secundarias. Se analizaron los casos de muerte por EIC en Bogotá para el periodo 2008-2015. Los datos demográficos se obtuvieron de las proyecciones poblacionales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) del censo del 2005. La caracterización de la mortalidad por EIC se hizo a partir del grupo 303 de la lista 6/67 de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Se tomaron las muertes codificadas como EIC con el código 3.03 y los códigos CIE-10: I20, I21, I22, I23, I24, I25. Las variables sociodemográficas estudiadas fueron sexo, edad, nivel educativo, afiliación al sistema de seguridad social y estado civil.Resultados. Entre 2008 y 2015 se registró un aumento del 14,56 % en la tasa de mortalidad por EIC en Bogotá, situación que coincidió con lo reportado por el DANE, quien indicó que para el 2015 esta enfermedad representó el 15 % de la mortalidad por todas las causas registradas en Bogotá.Conclusiones. Las variables sociodemográficas juegan un papel importante en la frecuencia de aparición de las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, por lo cual se debe buscar intervención por parte del Estado para generar un mayor impacto en términos de mortalidad.

Introduction: According to the Colombian healthcare authority, cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of mortality from 2005 to 2014. Among these, the cardiac ischemic disease (CID) represented 49.3% of the total reported cases and in 2010, it became the leading cause of death nationwide. Objectives: To characterize CID mortality in Bogota, Colombia, during 2008 ­ 2015, according to sociodemographic variables Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive study based on secondary sources. CID related deaths in Bogota were analyzed during the 2008-2015. Demographic data were collected from the 2005 National Population Census population projections The support for CID mortality characterization is found in Pan American Health Organization ́s Group 303, list 6/67, including ICD-10 codes I20, I21, I22, I23, I24, I25. The analyzed sociodemographic variables were: gender, age, education level, social security system affiliation, and civil status. Results: CID mortality rate in Bogota increased 14.56% during 2008-2015. According to the Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics, CID represented 15% of all deaths causes in Bogota in 2015, supporting the findings of this study. Conclusion: Sociodemographic variables play an important role in the incidence of circulatory system diseases. The Colombian state should seek appropriate interventions at this level, to achieve a greater impact on mortality rate.

Introdução. Segundo o Ministério da Saúde e Proteção Social, as doenças do sistema circulatório foram as principais causas de mortalidade na Colômbia entre 2005 e 2014, as doenças cardíacas isquêmicas (CID) representaram 49,30% dos casos do total. Quanto a este último, o Instituto Nacional de Saúde indicou que ficou em primeiro lugar em 2010 entre as causas de morte no país. Objetivo. Caracterizar a mortalidade por EIC em Bogotá, Colômbia, no período de 2008 a 2015, sob a perspectiva das principais variáveis sociodemográficas. Materiais e métodos. Estudo descritivo, baseado em fontes secundárias. Foram analisados casos de morte por EIC em Bogotá no período de 2008 a 2015. Os dados demográficos foram obtidos das projeções populacionais do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística (DANE) do censo de 2005. A caracterização da mortalidade por EIC foi feita a partir do grupo 303 da lista 6/67 da Organização PanAmericana da Saúde (OPS). Foram registados óbitos codificados como EIC com os códigos 3.03 e CID-10: I20, I21, I22, I23, I24, I25. As variáveis sociodemográficas estudadas foram sexo, idade, escolaridade, afiliação ao sistema previdenciário e estado civil. Resultados. Entre 2008 e 2015, houve um aumento de 14,56% na taxa de mortalidade por EIC em Bogotá. Situação confirmada pelo DANE, que indicou que em 2015 esta doença representava 15% da mortalidade por todas as causas em Bogotá.Conclusões. As variáveis sociodemográficas desempenham papel importante na frequência do aparecimento de doenças do aparelho circulatório, motivo pelo qual a intervenção do Estado deve ser procurada

Guía de conteo poblacional / Population counting guide

Conteo poblacional se comprenderá como la serie de acciones y procedimientos de recolección de datos de personas, identificación de viviendas y familias, comunidades, sectores y territorios con fines eminentemente sanitarios, relacionando las condiciones de vida, los problemas de salud, sus determinantes sociales y factores de riesgo presentes en ellas. Debido a que las características de la población de una comunidad son dinámicas, se hace necesario realizar cada año una actualización de la información que es de uso necesario para las acciones de salud, lo cual lo diferencia del censo de población que es estático, de cohorte, con otro tipo de indicadores dado por el ente rector el Instituto Nacional de Estadística ­INE-. Además permite el contacto directo entre los equipos de salud del Ministerio de Salud y la población a su cargo Este documento además, forma parte de las herramientas para la implementación del Modelo de Atención y Gestión, junto a la "Guía para la elaboración de un croquis" y a la "Guía de acercamiento y negociación", que forman parte de los documentos que hay en esta App. Este documento contiene los lineamientos y ruta a seguir para el desarrollo del conteo poblacional, describe conceptos básicos, sus características, la secuencia de fases y pasos que incluyen preparación y organización de los equipos de trabajo, herramientas y registro de datos, revisión, análisis y certificación de la información recolectada. Los principales usuarios son el personal que conforman los equipos de salud ­ES- responsables de cada sector y territorio de los distritos de salud.

Population projections for U.S. counties by age, sex, and race controlled to shared socioeconomic pathway.

Small area and subnational population projections are important for understanding long-term demographic changes. I provide county-level population projections by age, sex, and race in five-year intervals for the period 2020-2100 for all U.S. counties. Using historic U.S. census data in temporally rectified county boundaries and race groups for the period 1990-2015, I calculate cohort-change ratios (CCRs) and cohort-change differences (CCDs) for eighteen five-year age groups (0-85+ ), two sex groups (Male and Female), and four race groups (White NH, Black NH, Other NH, Hispanic) for all U.S counties. I then project these CCRs/CCDs using ARIMA models as inputs into Leslie matrix population projection models and control the projections to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. I validate the methods using ex-post facto evaluations using data from 1969-2000 to project 2000-2015. My results are reasonably accurate for this period. These data have numerous potential uses and can serve as inputs for addressing questions involving sub-national demographic change in the United States.

Precise Assessment on Birth Information at the Civil Registry and Live Births Information System in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Avaliação da Precisão das Informações de Nascimento do Registro Civil e do Sistema de Informações Sobre Nascidos Vivos para Minas Gerais, Brasil

Abstract Objective: to assess the precision on birth information at the Civil Registry and Sistema de Informações Sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) (Live Births Information System) in Minas Gerais with the purpose to analyze the most recent fecundity level and pattern on women and to assess the hypotheses on the fertility component for populational projections adopted by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) in the 2013 review. Methods: the estimation level of under registration at the Civil Registry and Sinasc was based on the comparison of number of births registered by these sources with the number of births obtained from an independent source, estimated by the Brass P/F technique with adaptation. Results: in 2010, the coverage on the Civil Registry and Sinasc was 96.0% and 95.0%, respectively. In the period of 2003 to 2015, both sources point to the same trend. From 2011, the total number of births was practically the same. The corrected Total Fertility Rate and The Specific Fertility Rates had a very similar level and pattern in the period of 2010 to 2015. Discrepancies in the fertility hypotheses were observed from the IBGE. Conclusions: from 2010, the births registered in both data sources were considered as good statistical quality in Minas Gerais and the hypotheses of the fertility level and pattern in the IBGE projections need to be revised.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a precisão das informações de nascimentos no Registro Civil e no Sistema de Informações Sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) em Minas Gerais, com o propósito de analisar o nível e padrão da fecundidade mais recente das mulheres em Minas Gerais e avaliar as hipóteses da componente fecundidade para as projeções populacionais adotadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) na revisão de 2013. Métodos: a estimação do grau de sub-registro do Registro Civil e do Sinasc deu-se a partir da comparação do número de nascimentos registrado por estas fontes com o número de nascimentos obtido de fonte independente, estimado pela técnica P/F de Brass, com adaptação. Resultados: no ano de 2010 a cobertura do Registro Civil e do Sinasc era de 96,0% e 95,0%, respectivamente. As duas fontes apontam para uma mesma tendência no período de 2003 a 2015. A partir de 2011 o total de nascimentos é praticamente igual. As Taxas de Fecundidade Total e as Taxas Específicas de Fecundidade corrigidas apresentam nível e padrão bastante semelhantes no período de 2010 a 2015. Foram observadas discrepâncias nas hipóteses de fecundidade do IBGE. Conclusões: os nascimentos registrados em ambas as fontes de dados foram considerados de boa qualidade a partir de 2010 para Minas Gerais e as hipóteses de nível e padrão de fecundidade das projeções do IBGE precisam ser revisadas.

Impact of population growth and population ethics on climate change mitigation policy.

Future population growth is uncertain and matters for climate policy: higher growth entails more emissions and means more people will be vulnerable to climate-related impacts. We show that how future population is valued importantly determines mitigation decisions. Using the Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy model, we explore two approaches to valuing population: a discounted version of total utilitarianism (TU), which considers total wellbeing and is standard in social cost of carbon dioxide (SCC) models, and of average utilitarianism (AU), which ignores population size and sums only each time period's discounted average wellbeing. Under both approaches, as population increases the SCC increases, but optimal peak temperature decreases. The effect is larger under TU, because it responds to the fact that a larger population means climate change hurts more people: for example, in 2025, assuming the United Nations (UN)-high rather than UN-low population scenario entails an increase in the SCC of 85% under TU vs. 5% under AU. The difference in the SCC between the two population scenarios under TU is comparable to commonly debated decisions regarding time discounting. Additionally, we estimate the avoided mitigation costs implied by plausible reductions in population growth, finding that large near-term savings ($billions annually) occur under TU; savings under AU emerge in the more distant future. These savings are larger than spending shortfalls for human development policies that may lower fertility. Finally, we show that whether lowering population growth entails overall improvements in wellbeing-rather than merely cost savings-again depends on the ethical approach to valuing population.

Projections of white and black older adults without living kin in the United States, 2015 to 2060.

Close kin provide many important functions as adults age, affecting health, financial well-being, and happiness. Those without kin report higher rates of loneliness and experience elevated risks of chronic illness and nursing facility placement. Historical racial differences and recent shifts in core demographic rates suggest that white and black older adults in the United States may have unequal availability of close kin and that this gap in availability will widen in the coming decades. Whereas prior work explores the changing composition and size of the childless population or those without spouses, here we consider the kinless population of older adults with no living close family members and how this burden is changing for different race and sex groups. Using demographic microsimulation and the United States Census Bureau's recent national projections of core demographic rates by race, we examine two definitions of kinlessness: those without a partner or living children, and those without a partner, children, siblings, or parents. Our results suggest dramatic growth in the size of the kinless population as well as increasing racial disparities in percentages kinless. These conclusions are driven by declines in marriage and are robust to different assumptions about the future trajectory of divorce rates or growth in nonmarital partnerships. Our findings draw attention to the potential expansion of older adult loneliness, which is increasingly considered a threat to population health, and the unequal burden kinlessness may place on black Americans.

High-resolution African population projections from radiative forcing and socio-economic models, 2000 to 2100.

For its fifth assessment report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change divided future scenario projections (2005-2100) into two groups: Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Each SSP has country-level urban and rural population projections, while the RCPs are based on radiative forcing caused by greenhouse gases, aerosols and associated land-use change. In order for these projections to be applicable in earth system models, SSP and RCP population projections must be at the same spatial scale. Thus, a gridded population dataset that takes into account both RCP-based urban fractions and SSP-based population projection is needed. To support this need, an annual (2000-2100) high resolution (approximately 1km at the equator) gridded population dataset conforming to both RCPs (urban land use) and SSPs (population) country level scenario data were created.

Projeção da mortalidade e internações hospitalares na rede pública de saúde atribuíveis à poluição atmosférica no Estado de São Paulo entre 2012 e 2030 / Forecasting of mortality and hospital admissions from public healthcare attributable to air pollution in State of São Paulo between 2011 and 2030 / /Proyección de la mortalidad y las admisiones hospitalarias en la red pública de salud atribuibles a la contaminación atmosférica en el Estado de São Paulo entre 2011 y 2030

No Brasil, os padrões nacionais de qualidade do ar são da década de 1990, desatualizados em relação aos internacionais, o que dificulta um controle eficaz dos níveis de poluição e contribui para a continuidade de mortes e internações. A fim de quantificar o montante de desfechos desfavoráveis de saúde em decorrência da concentração de material particulado no Estado de São Paulo, esse trabalho tem como objetivo realizar projeções de mortes, internações e gastos com internações públicas atribuíveis à poluição atmosférica, para o período de 2012 a 2030. Para isso foram considerados distintos cenários de poluição por material particulado fino (MP2,5), tomando-se como referência o ano-base 2011. Os resultados mostram que, mantendo o mesmo nível de poluição observado em 2011, haverá um total de mais de 246 mil óbitos por todas as causas entre 2012 e 2030, cerca de 953 mil internações hospitalares públicas e um gasto público estimado em internações de mais de R$ 1,6 bilhão. A magnitude dos resultados aponta para a necessidade de implementação de medidas mais rigorosas para o controle da poluição do ar, formas alternativas de energia limpa de transporte, entre outras ações, como forma de reduzir os danos à saúde da população e os gastos governamentais...

Abstract National air quality standards in Brazil were established in the 1990s and are now outdated in relation to international patterns. This creates a challenge for effective control of air pollution levels and contributes to increasing mortality and hospital admissions rates. In order to quantify the impact of adverse health outcomes due to the concentration of particulate matter in São Paulo, this paper aims to project the number of deaths, hospitalizations and amounts spent on public hospital admissions from 2012 to 2030. It considers distinct scenarios of air pollution by fine particulate matter (PM2.5), using the year 2011 as baseline. The results show that if air pollution continues at the current levels, it will cause more than 246 thousand deaths from all causes between 2011 and 2030, as well as some 953 thousand hospital admissions and an estimated public health cost of R$ 1.6 billion due to hospitalizations. The magnitude of these results demonstrates the need to implement more rigorous measures to control air pollution and to encourage clean energy transportation, among other public actions, in order to reduce damage to the health of the population and to diminish government spending...

Resumen En Brasil, los estándares nacionales de calidad del aire datan de la década de 1990, es decir, están obsoletos en comparación con las normas internacionales, lo que dificulta un control eficaz de los niveles de contaminación y contribuye a la continuidad de las muertes y hospitalizaciones ocasionadas por esta razón. Con el fin de cuantificar el total de los resultados adversos para la salud debidas a la concentración de material particulado en el Estado de São Paulo, este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar proyecciones de muertes, hospitalizaciones y gastos por internaciones en hospitales públicos atribuibles a la polución atmosférica en el período comprendido entre 2012 y 2030. Para ello se han considerado distintos escenarios de contaminación por material particulado fino (MP2,5), tomando como referencia el año base 2011. Los resultados muestran que, manteniendo el mismo nivel de contaminación observado en esa fecha, habrá un total de más de 246.000 muertes por todas las causas entre 2011 y 2030, alrededor de 953.000 ingresos hospitalarios en el sistema público de salud y un gasto público por internaciones estimado en más de R$ 1,6 billones. La magnitud de los resultados pone en evidencia la necesidad de implementar medidas más rigurosas para el control de la contaminación del aire, formas alternativas de transporte con energía limpia, entre otras acciones, con el fin de reducir los daños a la salud de la población y los gastos del gobierno...

Projeções populacionais em pequenas áreas: uma avaliação comparativa de técnicas de extrapolação matemática / Population projections for small areas: a comparative assessment of mathematical extrapolation techniques / Proyecciones de población en áreas pequeñas: una evaluación comparativa de técnicas de extrapolación matemática

A investigação do tamanho e distribuição futuros de uma população é de relevância central para estudiosos de população que se ocupam de questões relacionadas ao planejamento regional. O objetivo central deste artigo é discutir, de forma crítica e propositiva, algumas técnicas de extrapolação matemática frequentemente utilizadas para a projeção em pequenas áreas, no sentido de contribuir para os instrumentais analíticos de demógrafos e planejadores. Projeções populacionais para pequenas áreas são um desafio para os planejadores em função da instabilidade de suas predições e do conflito com a necessidade eminente para a construção de políticas públicas. Assim, este trabalho apresenta a aplicação de cinco técnicas de projeção para pequenas áreas, bem como algumas medidas de erro confrontando as projeções feitas para as microrregiões mineiras de 2010 com a realidade observada no Censo Demográfico do mesmo ano. Os resultados mostram que técnicas simples de projeção são aderentes à realidade no curto prazo. Aponta-se que as dissonâncias presentes entre as projeções e a realidade observada devem-se aos efeitos dimensionais, temporais e espaciais que as técnicas não conseguem mensurar com exatidão, mas que não invalidam seu uso a partir do conhecimento de suas limitações...

Understanding future scenarios of population size and distribution is a key aspect in regional analysis and planning. The main objective of this paper is to critically discuss some mathematical extrapolation techniques frequently used for projection in small areas, in order to contribute to the analytical instruments of demographers and planners. Population projections for small areas pose a challenge for planners due to the instability of the predictions and the conflict with the pressing need for formulating public policies. Thus, this paper presents the application of five projection techniques for small areas, as well as some error measures, comparing the projections made for the 2010 Minas Gerais micro-regions with the reality observed in the Demographic Census carried out in the same year. The results show the reliability of simple projection techniques in the short term. The discrepancies between projected and observed populations are due to dimensional, spatial, and temporal effects that cannot be measured exactly, but which do not invalidate their utilization since when the limitations are known and taken into account...

La investigación del tamaño y la distribución futuros de una población tiene una importancia fundamental para los estudiosos de la población que se ocupan de cuestiones relacionadas con la planificación regional. El objetivo central de este artículo es discutir, de forma crítica y propositiva, algunas técnicas de extrapolación matemática utilizadas frecuentemente para la proyección en áreas pequeñas, con el propósito de contribuir con los instrumentos de análisis de los demógrafos y los planificadores. Las proyecciones de población para áreas pequeñas son un desafío para los planificadores, en función de la inestabilidad de sus predicciones y del conflicto con su necesidad eminente para la construcción de políticas públicas. Este trabajo presenta la aplicación de cinco técnicas de proyección para áreas pequeñas y algunas medidas de error, confrontando las proyecciones realizadas para las microrregiones mineras en 2010 con la realidad observada en el censo demográfico del país ese mismo año. Los resultados muestran que las técnicas simples de proyección se ajustan a la realidad en el corto plazo. Se señala que las discordancias presentes entre las proyecciones y la realidad observada se deben a los efectos dimensionales, temporales y espaciales que las técnicas no logran medir con exactitud, pero que no invalidan su uso a partir del conocimiento de sus limitaciones...

Calidad De Vida En Estudiantes Universitarios. Evaluación De Factores Asociados / Quality of life In college students evaluation of associated factors

Determinar el nivel de calidad de vida en estudiantes universitarios de áreas de la salud y evaluar factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, nivel de actividad física con el International Physical Activity Questionnaire, dolor con el Formulario de Autoregistro del Dolor y calidad de vida con el Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire. Modelos de regresión lineal simple y múltiple evaluaron las asociaciones. Resultados: Participaron 237 estudiantes, 37,1% hombres, edad promedio de 20,6 ± 2,2 años. La prevalencia de actividad física vigorosa fue 8,4%, dolor agudo 18,3% y crónico 22,8%; la media de horas semanales de jornada académica 30,9 ± 10,7 horas y la calidad de vida osciló entre 33 y 75 / 100. El dolor agudo (β: -2.6), dolor crónico (β: -3.9) y horas semanales de jornada académica presencial (β: -0.07) se asociaron negativamente con la calidad de vida, solo la actividad física vigorosa fue positiva (β = 5.3). Conclusiones: Los factores evaluados son susceptibles de intervenir. Se requiere la implementación de programas dirigidos al fomento de la actividad física, la recreación y el deporte, como parte de un estilo de vida saludable que contribuya a mejorar la calidad de vida de los estudiantes universitarios...

To determine the level of quality of life in college students health areas and evaluate associated factors. Methods: Cross sectional study. Sociodemographic variables were measured, level of physical activity with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, pain with Self Registration Form Pain and quality of life with the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire. Models of simple and multiple linear regression assessed associations. Results: A total of 237 students, 37.1% male, mean age 20.6 ± 2.2 years. The prevalence of vigorous physical activity was 8.4%, 18.3% acute pain and chronic 22.8%, the average weekly hours of school day 30.9 ± 10.7 hours and quality of life ranged between 33 and 75/100. Acute pain (β:-2.6), chronic pain (β: -3.9) and hours per week of classroom academic day (β:-0.07) were negatively associated with quality of life, only vigorous physical activity was positive (β = 5.3). Conclusions: The factors evaluated are likely to intervene. It requires the implementation of programs aimed at promoting physical activity, recreation and sport, as part of a healthy lifestyle that contributes to improving the quality of life of college students...